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Fang Lizhi (February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese astrophysicist, vice-president of the University of Science and Technology of China, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.〔Yam, P. (1994) ''Profile: Fang Lizhi – Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Physics'', Scientific American 270(5), 39-40.〕 Because of his activism, he was expelled from the Communist Party of China in January 1987.〔(Letters from the Other China - The New York Review of Books )〕 For his work, Lizhi was a recipient of the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award in 1989, given each year to an individual whose courageous activism is at the heart of the human rights movement and in the spirit of Robert F. Kennedy's vision and legacy. ==Early life== Fang Lizhi was born on 12 February 1936 in Peking. His father worked on the railway. In 1948, one year before the PLA took over the city, as a student of the Beijing No.4 High School, he joined an underground youth organization that was associated to CCP.〔http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2009/10/02〕 One of his extracurricular activities was assembling radio receivers from used parts.〔http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2012/02/27/〕 In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at Peking University. There he met and fell in love with his future wife, Li Shuxian (李淑娴/嫻). Both Fang and Li were among the top students in their class. He joined CCP upon graduation, worked the Institute of Modern Physics and became involved in the secret atomic bomb program of China,〔http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2006/02/13〕〔(Fang Lizhi webpage )〕 while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty. In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, people were strongly encouraged by the CCP to openly express their opinions and criticisms. As party members, Li, Fang and another person in the physics department planned to write a letter to the party to offer their suggestions on education. This letter was still unfinished by the time the Hundred Flowers Campaign abruptly came to an end and the Anti-Rightist Campaign started. The opinions and criticisms solicited during the earlier campaign were then interpreted as "attacks on the party", and those who expressed such opinions were labelled "rightist" and persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, out of loyalty to the party, the three naive young people confessed about it, and Li also confessed to the party her doubts on the party.〔http://64memo.org/b5/7698.htm〕 Li was expelled from the party, and was sentenced to hard labour at Zhaitang near Beijing. Fang was not immediately expelled from the party, because he played a lesser role in writing the letter, and also because he had left Peking University, where the punishment was particularly severe. Still, he was removed from the nuclear program，and sent to do hard labour in Zanhuang, Hebei province from December 1957 to August 1958.〔(Fang Lizhi webpage )〕 Out of political pressure, Li and Fang put their relationship on hold until early 1959, when Fang was also expelled from the party. Fang was reassigned to the faculty of the University of Science and Technology of China(USTC) in August 1958, and in 1961 married Li, who remained a faculty of Peking University.〔(Fang Lizhi webpage )〕 In spite of his experience in the anti-Rightist campaign, he published an article in the ''Guangming Daily'', encouraging the independent thinking of students.〔(Fang Lizhi webpage )〕 Fang published his first research paper on nuclear physics in ''Acta Physica Sinica 17'', p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym Wang Yunran, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, with the recommendation of Professor Qian Linzhao, he became an associated member of a research group led by Professor Li Yinyuan at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since Professor Li Yinyuan's group was located at a different institute, this arrangement took advantage of a loophole in management rules, allowing him to publish papers under his own name. In the late 1950s/early 1960s, Fang conducted research in particle physics, solid state physics and laser physics. By 1965, he had published 13 research papers and was considered one of the most productive physics researchers in China. That year, as part of the effort of cleansing Peking of "undesirable elements", Fang was to be removed from the faculty of USTC and sent to work in an electronics factory in Liaoning province. Learning about this, vice president Prof. Yan Jici intervened on Fang's behalf; he pleaded the case to the party secretary of USTC at the time, Liu Da, who cancelled the cleansing order for Fang and other faculty members of USTC.〔 Academic activities were interrupted when the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, the USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending Soviet Union invasion. USTC was moved to Hefei City, the capital of the more conservative Anhui Province, where it remained to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, Fang, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. Fang secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by Lev Landau and learned the theory of general relativity by reading this book in the evening.〔http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2006/04/09〕 Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the USTC university buildings.〔(Fang Lizhi webpage )〕 His wife Li was sent to do hard labour in Jiangxi province. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fang Lizhi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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